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  ~ 413  BC D ESTRUCTION   OF   THE  A THENIAN   ARMY   AT  S YRACUSE Gylippus was a Spartan general of the 5th century  B . C . He was the son of Cleandridas, who had been expelled from Sparta for accepting Athenian bribes (446  B . C .) and had settled at Thurii. His mother was probably a helot, for Gylippus is said to have been, like Lysander and Callicratidas, a mothax (see Helot). When Alcibiades urged the Spartans to send a general to lead the Syracusan resistance against the Athenian expedition, Gylippus was appointed, and his arrival was undoubtedly the turning point of the struggle(414-413). Though at first his long hair, his threadbare cloak and his staff furnished the subject of many a jest, and his harsh and overbearing manner caused grave discontent, yet the rapidity and decisiveness of his movements, won the sympathy and respect of the Syracusans. Diodorus probably following Timaeus, represents him as inducing the Syra...

  Misplaced Aggression: The Athenian Defeat at Syracuse Seeking an advantage over its longtime Spartan reals, Athens launched an invasion of Sicily, only to have it falter outside the walls of Syracuse. This article appears in:  October 2007 By Barry Porter By the spring of 415 bc, a peace treaty between the warring city-states of Athens and Sparta had held firm for six years. The savage and unrelenting Peloponnesian War had come to the point where both sides realized that neither was in a position to vanquish the other. Peace seemed the logical choice—at least until the rivals could replenish their armed forces and come up with a new battle plan. That spring, Athens took a decisive step in that direction. The Athenian Invasion of Syracuse The year before, two cities on the island of Sicily had sent ambassadors to Athens to ask for help with their troublesome neighbor, Syracuse. Athens had intervened in the past to block Syracuse’s various expansions, but these attempts had be...

  June 26, 2025 Eleanor Paynter For the past several months, the  Trump administration has been  trying to  deport immigrants  to countries they are not from – despite an  April 2025 federal ruling  that had blocked the White House from doing so. A divided Supreme Court  decided on June 23 ,  in a brief emergency order , that the Trump administration can, for now, legally deport immigrants to countries they were not born in – known as “third countries” – without giving them time to contest their destination. The  third countries  that President Donald Trump has recently prioritized, including  El Salvador ,  South Sudan  and  Libya , are known for being dangerous places with weak rule of law and routine human rights violations. The 6-3 decision did not specify a legal rationale for the ruling. The court’s three liberal justices, Sonia Sotomayor, Elena Kagan and Ketanji Brown Jackson, all dissented. “Apparently, t...