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King Władysław at the Battle of Varna, as imagined by Jan Matejko. Wikipedia After the Hungarian Crusade of 1217 the 1444 Crusade was certainly the largest military undertaking of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary. In January 1444, Pope Eugene IV (reigned 1431–1447) proclaimed a new crusade to help Eastern Christians, not least to establish the ecclesiastical union agreed by the Byzantine Emperor John VIII Palaiologos (r. 1425–1448) at the Council of Florence in 1439. This union, which had been concluded with great difficulty between the Byzantine Patriarch and the Roman Pontiff, was conditional on the launch of the promised crusade, and this was obvious to both the Pope and Cardinal Cesarini, his legate in Hungary. In Europe, it was logical to think that a campaign could significantly weaken the Turks while fighting the Karamanids, their eastern adversaries. The Europeans were not mistaken, the Sultan was indeed engaged in a campaign against the Karamanids and left Europe in the early s...

  5 April 2020 Source:  The Presidential Library On April 5, 1242 a decisive battle took place between the German crusaders and the Russian squad, led by Prince Alexander Nevsky, who rebuffed the enemy on the ice of Lake Peipsi near Voronny Stone; it went down in history as the Battle on the Ice. The electronic collection  Alexander Nevsky (1221–1263),  available on the Presidential Library’s portal, provides studies of scholars and theologians, essays and visual materials dedicated to the Grand Duke, diplomat and warrior; whose victory in the confrontation with the German knights largely predetermined the fate of Russia.   Everything that Prince Nevsky did, he did with faith in God and in higher justice. Mikhail Khitrov tried to determine the source of the inner strength of the personality of the young prince: “To explain the secrets of this charm, pointing only to courage and prudence is not enough. Along with these qualities, there was something higher in him...

       The Battle of the Ice - April 5th - 1242   The Battle of the Ice (Russian: Ледовое побоище, Ledovoye poboish'ye; German: Schlacht auf dem Eise; Estonian: Jäälahing; Latvian: Ledus kauja), also known as the Battle of Lake Peipus (German: Schlacht auf dem Peipussee; Russian: битва на Чудском озере, bitva na Chudskom ozere), was a battle between the Republic of Novgorod and the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Knights (whose army consisted mostly of Estonians) on April 5, 1242, at Lake Peipus. The battle is notable for its having been fought largely on top of the frozen lake.   The battle was a significant defeat sustained by Roman Catholic crusaders during the Northern Crusades, which were directed against pagans and Eastern Orthodox Christians rather than Muslims in the Holy Land. The crusaders' defeat in the battle marked the end of their campaigns against the Orthodox Novgorod Republic and other Russian territories for the next century.   Hoping...

  Photo Credit: Plagued by dysentery, malaria, hunger, and exhaustion, King Henry V and his weary soldiers prepare to face off against their French foes near the tiny village of Agincourt, in this painting by Sir John Gilbert. Despite the odds, Henry V rallied his men for a desperate stand on the muddy field during the Hundred Years' War's Battle of Agincourt. This article appears in:  October 2005 By Robert L. Swain Young and ambitious, recently crowned English king Henry V had a dynastic point to make, one that would relieve him of the taint of royal illegitimacy born of the fact that his father had usurped the English throne a mere decade before. Only two years after ascending the throne, Henry intended to exploit the popular appeal of carrying battle to an enemy’s territory, with all its attendant opportunities for plunder, glory, and tangible signs of God’s favor. English kings had played the war card frequently in the seemingly endless Hundred Years’ War. Hoping to demon...